Health, Safety and Environment

A Comprehensive Guide for Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a systematic and graphical method used to identify potential causes of system failures. It is widely utilized in industries such as aerospace, nuclear power, and

Benefits of Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA)

Using simplified data, the Simplified LOPA technique analyses one initiating event and one consequence scenario. Despite its simplicity, it can consistently determine a semi-quantitative estimate of risk and list the

General Guidelines for Human Protection Layers

Human Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) rely on operators to take action in response to alarms or during routine system checks to prevent undesired outcomes. While human performance is generally less

Random and Systematic Failures

Random Failures Random failures occur unpredictably and are typically attributed to the degradation of hardware components due to physical causes such as corrosion, thermal stress, or wear-out. These failures are

Difference Between Random and Systematic Failures

A failure occurs when a device at some level (a system, a unit, a module, or a component) fails to perform its intended function. Each safety instrumented function (SIF) in

Safety Instrumented System (SIS)

A Safety Instrumented System (SIS) is a control system consisting of sensors, one or more controllers (often referred to as logic solvers), and final elements. The primary purpose of an

Safety Instrumented Function (SIF)

What is a Safety Instrumented Function (SIF)? A Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) is a system designed to reduce risks associated with specific hazards by maintaining or restoring a safe process

Understanding Safety Integrity Levels (SIL)

Safety Integrity Level (SIL) is a quantitative target used to measure the level of performance required for a safety function to achieve tolerable risk for a process hazard. Defined in

Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD)

Understanding Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) in Safety and Reliability Engineering Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) is a critical metric in safety and reliability engineering. It quantifies the