Functional Safety

The Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) is a critical metric in safety and reliability engineering. It quantifies the likelihood that a system or Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) will fail

Layers of Protection Analysis Methodology  LOPA (Layers of Protection Analysis) is a semi-quantitative method used to evaluate and analyze risk scenarios with significant consequences or the potential for major accidents.

An Independent Protection Layer (IPL) is a device, system, or action that is capable of preventing a scenario from proceeding to its undesired consequence, independent of the initiating event or

What is the Spurious Trip? A spurious trip or safe failure would be a time when the process is in normal operation and the system acts as if there is