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Oil and Gas Upstream Operations

Oil and gas upstream operations are a crucial component of the global energy industry, responsible for extracting and producing the fossil fuels that power much of the world’s economies. The

Le Chatelier’s Principle Explanation and Applications

Le Chatelier’s Principle, named after French chemist Henri Louis Le Chatelier, states that when a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in conditions (such as temperature, pressure, concentration,

Weighted Average Bed Temperature Meaning, Significance and Measurement

The weighted average bed temperature or WABT describes the representative temperature of a catalytic reactor which has increasing or decreasing temperature from top to bottom of the reactor. The term “weighted”

Volatile Organic Compounds Sources and Control Measures

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of organic chemicals that have high vapour pressure and low water solubility at room temperature. The high vapour pressure of VOCs results due

Flaring in Petroleum Refinery

The flaring process in oil refineries refers to the controlled and safe burning of the waste gases that are produced during various refining processes. By burning the hydrocarbon vapours the

Olefins in Petroleum Refinery

Olefins, also called alkenes or alkynes are compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon that contains one or more pairs of carbon atoms linked by double or triple bonds. Olefins do

Acid Gas in Petroleum Refinery

In petroleum refining, acid gas refers to a mixture of gases that form acids in a solution with water. The most common types of acid gas are carbon dioxide (CO2)

Tail Gas Treatment in Sulfur Recovery Unit

The Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) in a Petroleum Refinery is designed to remove H2S from sour gases originating in the various refinery processes and convert them to industrial-grade molten sulfur. The process

Kerogen and Types

Kerogen in petroleum is a complex fossilized organic material, found in the oil shale and other sedimentary rock, which is insoluble in common organic solvents and yields petroleum products on