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Introduction to Functional Safety

Functional safety engineering involves identifying specific hazardous failures which lead to serious consequences (e.g., death) and then establishing maximum tolerable frequency targets for each mode of failure. Equipment whose failure

Leading indicators and Lagging Indicators of Process Safety

What are the Leading Indicators? Leading indicators of process safety are proactive measures and metrics that organizations use to assess and improve their process safety performance before incidents occur. These

Flixborough Disaster

At about 1653 hours on Saturday, June 1, 1974, the Nypro (UK) site at Flixborough was severely damaged by a large scale explosion. In Flixborough disaster twenty-eight employees were killed

BP Texas Refinery Incident

BP Texas Refinery Explosion On March 23, 2005, at 1:20 p.m., the BP Texas City Refinery suffered explosions and fires that killed 15 people, 180 injured and resulted in financial

Metal Catalyzed Coking in Naphtha Reforming Units

Metal Catalyzed Coking (MCC) or Metal Carburization is a process in which carbon present in the hydrocarbon feeds is absorbed into a hot metal surface at elevated temperatures and low

Metal Poisoning of Naphtha Reforming Catalyst

Metals are permanent poisons for the naphtha reforming catalysts and irreversibly damage the catalyst. Most metals poison the metal functions of the catalyst. Metals impact tends to progress sequentially through

Water Poisoning of Naphtha Reforming Catalyst

The acidity of the naphtha reforming catalyst is controlled by the moisture in the feed and the chloride level on the catalyst. An increase in the feed moisture will strip

Sulfur Poisoning of Naphtha Reforming Catalyst

Sulfur is the most common impurity present in the feed of the naphtha reforming unit. The maximum allowable concentration is nearly 0.5 weight ppm expressed as S. Sulfur is poison

Nitrogen Poisoning of Naphtha Reforming Catalyst

Nitrogen is a temporary acid function poison of naphtha reforming Platinum catalyst. Reformer feed nitrogen is normally controlled at 0.1~0.5 wppm and is less frequently present in the reforming feed.