General Topics

Meaning of “On-Stream Factor” for Process Plants The on-stream factor or on-stream time is a key performance parameter used in the process industries (e.g., oil refining, petrochemicals, power plants) to measure the

A Comprehensive Guide to Petroleum Refinery Economics for Professionals The success of a refinery depends on optimizing costs, maximizing product yields, and responding effectively to market dynamics. Understanding key economic

Gross Refinery Margin (GRM), also known as Gross Processing Margin, is a key performance indicator in the refining industry. It represents the difference between the value of petroleum products produced

SCADA stands for “Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.” It is a type of industrial control system that is used to monitor and control industrial processes, such as power generation, oil

Feedback Control System A feedback control system is a control system that uses measurements of the output of a system to adjust the input in order to achieve a desired

When dead plants and animals are compressed and buried for millions of years, they create fossil fuels, a sort of energy source. As a result of the intense heat and

A steam turbine is a machine that move a rotating shaft by converting the thermal energy from pressurized steam into kinetic energy, which is subsequently changed into mechanical energy. The