Hydrotreating Catalysts
The primary function of Hydrotreating catalysts is to remove sulfur, nitrogen and other contaminants from the refinery feedstocks. In addition, they improve product properties by adding hydrogen and in some...
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Hydrotreating Reactor Internals
Hydro-processing is not only essential to remove the contaminants from petroleum products but also for breaking the heavy hydrocarbons into lighter ones to produce more valuable products. Hydro-processing reactions are...
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Grading or Guard bed Catalysts in Hydrotreating Reactors
Grading and guard bed catalysts are the macro-porous, grading material at the inlet of the hydrotreating reactor to remove fouling agents and save the main reactive hydrotreating catalyst from fouling...
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Avoiding Deactivation of Hydrocracking Catalyst
Hydrocracking catalyst deactivation is the gradual loss of the catalyst’s activity while maintaining the same conversion severity. As the deactivation increases the catalyst temperature has to increase in order to...
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Key Operating Variables of Hydrocracking Unit
Key Operating Parameters of Residue Hydrocracking Unit Understanding the key process variables is critical for the safe and efficient operation of the hydrocracking unit as the hydrocracking process is exothermic,...
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Hydrocracking Chemical Reactions Theory
Hydrocracking is a catalytic hydrogenation process in which high molecular weight feedstocks are converted and hydrogenated to lower molecular weight products. Cracking will break bonds, and the resulting unsaturated products...
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Fuel Oil Blending Process in Oil Refinery
Residual fuel oil is the third most important petroleum product after gasoline and diesel. Mostly, the furnace oils or bunker fuel oil are the by-products of refineries, which are blended...
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Safe Use of Flexible Hoses in Process Industry
Safety of Flexible Hose Pipes Flexible hose pipes have a wide range of applications in the oil refining and chemicals manufacturing industries. They are designed to meet some specific needs...
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Diesel Oil Blending Process in Oil Refinery
Commercial diesel fuel is a blend of many refinery streams. Blending components of diesel product may come from straight run diesel and kerosene from the crude distillation column, desulfurized diesel...
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Blending of Petroleum Products
The physical process of mixing two or more petroleum products with different properties to produce a homogeneous finished product with desired characteristics is called blending in petroleum refinery. The main...
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Troubleshooting of Crude Oil Distillation Column
The crude oil feedstock is separated into valuable petroleum products in the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU). The crude oil distillation column is the key processing equipment that must be operated under...
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Crude Oil Desalting Process
The crude oil desalting process extracts salts from a crude oil hydrocarbon stream by mixing the stream with a small amount of freshwater forming a water-in-oil emulsion. The resulting emulsion...
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Working of Crude Oil Distillation Column
The crude distillation unit (CDU) is the first processing unit in an oil refinery. In CDU main equipment is the crude oil fractional distillation column that separates the crude oil...