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Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process in Oil Refinery
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in a petroleum oil refinery to convert the low-value heavier long-chain hydrocarbon refinery fractions such as heavy vacuum gas oils into...
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Operation of Ebullated-bed Reactor for Residue hydrocracking
Ebullated bed reactor (EBR) in oil refineries is a type of fluidized bed reactor that utilizes ebullition, or bubbling, to achieve appropriate mixing of reactants and catalysts for residue hydroprocessing....
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Formation of Nickel Carbonyl in Hydroprocessing Reactors
Nickel Carbonyl or Nickel Tetracarbonyl Ni(CO)4 is is a highly toxic, potentially fatal if inhaled, rapid skin absorption, highly flammable, and a known carcinogen. Primarily it can cause lung damage....
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Avoiding Temperature Runaway in Hydroprocessing Reactors
Temperature excursion or temperature runaway is the abnormal process condition at which catalyst bed temperatures go high beyond the normal operating limit on account of uncontrolled hydrocracking reactions. During a...
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Emergency Depressuring System of Hydroprocessing Units
An emergency depressuring system (EDS) is the mechanism of quick dumping of high-pressure process fluids from a hydroprocessing reactor in case of emergency situations like fire, thermal excursions, or overpressure....
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Avoiding Deactivation of Hydrocracking Catalyst
Hydrocracking catalyst deactivation is the gradual loss of the catalyst’s activity while maintaining the same conversion severity. As the deactivation increases the catalyst temperature has to increase in order to...
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Key Operating Variables of Hydrocracking Unit
Key Operating Parameters of Residue Hydrocracking Unit Understanding the key process variables is critical for the safe and efficient operation of the hydrocracking unit as the hydrocracking process is exothermic,...
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Hydrocracking Chemical Reactions Theory
Hydrocracking is a catalytic hydrogenation process in which high molecular weight feedstocks are converted and hydrogenated to lower molecular weight products. Cracking will break bonds, and the resulting unsaturated products...
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Fuel Oil Blending Process in Oil Refinery
Residual fuel oil is the third most important petroleum product after gasoline and diesel. Mostly, the furnace oils or bunker fuel oil are the by-products of refineries, which are blended...
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Safe Use of Flexible Hoses in Process Industry
Safety of Flexible Hose Pipes Flexible hose pipes have a wide range of applications in the oil refining and chemicals manufacturing industries. They are designed to meet some specific needs...